英语单词中,通过加“S“形成新词的词汇表
在英语中，通过在单词后添加字母"s"可以形成新的单词或改变单词的含义，这种现象在名词复数化、动词第三人称单数以及词性转换中非常常见。本指南将全面介绍这种构词方式，并提供详细的学习表格，帮助英语学习者掌握这一重要语言现象。
名词复数形式的"S"添加规则
规则变化
英语中大多数可数名词通过在词尾加"s"构成复数形式，这是最基本的复数构成方式：
一般情况直接加s：如book→books, girl→girls, pen→pens以s, sh, ch, x结尾加es：如bus→buses, watch→watches, box→boxes以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加es：如baby→babies, city→cities以o结尾的词部分加s，部分加es：如piano→pianos, potato→potatoes以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变ve加s：如leaf→leaves, knife→knives
不规则变化
有些名词的复数形式不规则，不遵循上述规则：
man→men, woman→womenchild→childrenfoot→feet, tooth→teethmouse→micesheep→sheep (单复数同形)
动词第三人称单数的"S"添加规则
在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，动词需要加"s"或"es"：
多数动词直接加s：read→reads, cut→cuts以o结尾加es：do→does, go→goes以ch, sh, x结尾加es：watch→watches, wash→washes以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i加es：study→studies特殊变化：be→is, have→has
通过加"S"形成完全新词的例子
有些单词在加"s"后不仅改变了数量或人称，还形成了全新的词汇，具有不同的含义。以下是详细的单词表：
名词加"S"形成新名词
单词(短语)音标词性词根/词缀释义搭配例子good /ɡʊd/adj.古英语"gōd"好的，优质的good quality, good ideaShe is a good student.goods /ɡʊdz/n.good + s商品，货物consumer goods, goods trainThe store sells various goods.paper /ˈpeɪpər/n.拉丁语"papyrus"纸张sheet of paper, paper millI need a piece of paper.papers /ˈpeɪpərz/n.paper + s文件，证件official papers, research papersHe submitted his papers to the office.work /wɜːrk/n.古英语"weorc"工作hard work, work ethicShe has a lot of work to do.works /wɜːrks/n.work + s工厂，作品steel works, complete worksThe artist’s works are displayed here.time /taɪm/n.古英语"tīma"时间spare time, time managementTime flies when you’re having fun.times /taɪmz/n.time + s时代，倍modern times, three timesThese are difficult times we live in.arm /ɑːrm/n.古英语"earm"手臂arm chair, broken armHe raised his arm to ask a question.arms /ɑːrmz/n.arm + s武器arms race, small armsThe country invested heavily in arms.custom /ˈkʌstəm/n.古法语"custume"习俗local custom, custom-madeIt’s a local custom to bow when greeting.customs /ˈkʌstəmz/n.custom + s海关customs officer, customs dutyWe had to declare our goods at customs.air /er/n.拉丁语"aer"空气fresh air, air pollutionThe air in the mountains is clean.airs /erz/n.air + s做作的姿态put on airs, airs and gracesShe put on airs when she became rich.content /ˈkɒntent/n.拉丁语"contentus"内容table of contents, content analysisThe book’s content is very informative.contents /ˈkɒntents/n.content + s目录list of contentsCheck the contents page for chapter titles.damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/n.古法语"damage"损害brain damage, damage controlThe storm caused serious damage.damages /ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/n.damage + s赔偿金pay damages, claim damagesThe court ordered him to pay damages.force /fɔːrs/n.拉丁语"fortis"力量police force, force fieldThe force of the impact was tremendous.forces /ˈfɔːrsɪz/n.force + s军队armed forces, peacekeeping forcesThe country deployed its forces to the border.glass /ɡlæs/n.古英语"glæs"玻璃glass bottle, broken glassBe careful with that glass.glasses /ˈɡlæsɪz/n.glass + es眼镜reading glasses, wear glassesShe needs glasses to read small print.ground /ɡraʊnd/n.古英语"grund"地面ground level, soft groundHe fell to the ground.grounds /ɡraʊndz/n.ground + s理由，场地coffee grounds, school groundsThere are no grounds for complaint.interest /ˈɪntrəst/n.拉丁语"interest"兴趣special interest, interest rateShe has a keen interest in art.interests /ˈɪntrəsts/n.interest + s利益vested interests, conflict of interestsThe policy serves corporate interests.letter /ˈletər/n.古法语"lettre"字母capital letter, love letter“A” is the first letter of the alphabet.letters /ˈletərz/n.letter + s文学man of letters, arts and lettersHe was a distinguished man of letters.manner /ˈmænər/n.古法语"maniere"方式in a manner of speakingHe spoke in a polite manner.manners /ˈmænərz/n.manner + s礼貌good manners, table mannersChildren should be taught good manners.minute /ˈmɪnɪt/n.拉丁语"minuta"分钟wait a minute, last minuteI’ll be ready in five minutes.minutes /ˈmɪnɪts/n.minute + s会议记录take minutes, board minutesThe secretary took minutes of the meeting.pain /peɪn/n.古法语"peine"疼痛back pain, pain reliefShe felt a sharp pain in her side.pains /peɪnz/n.pain + s努力take pains, go to great painsHe took great pains to do it right.premise /ˈpremɪs/n.拉丁语"praemissa"前提basic premise, false premiseThe argument rests on a shaky premise.premises /ˈpremɪsɪz/n.premise + s房屋business premises, on the premisesSmoking is not allowed on the premises.quarter /ˈkwɔːrtər/n.拉丁语"quartarius"四分之一quarter past, quarter finalA quarter of the students were absent.quarters /ˈkwɔːrtərz/n.quarter + s住处living quarters, staff quartersThe soldiers returned to their quarters.regard /rɪˈɡɑːrd/n.古法语"regard"尊重in regard to, high regardHe holds her in high regard.regards /rɪˈɡɑːrdz/n.regard + s问候best regards, send regardsPlease give my regards to your family.scale /skeɪl/n.拉丁语"scala"规模large scale, scale modelThe map is drawn to scale.scales /skeɪlz/n.scale + s秤bathroom scales, tip the scalesShe stepped onto the scales to weigh herself.spirit /ˈspɪrɪt/n.拉丁语"spiritus"精神team spirit, free spiritThe team showed great spirit.spirits /ˈspɪrɪts/n.spirit + s情绪，烈酒high spirits, alcoholic spiritsHe was in low spirits after the news.wood /wʊd/n.古英语"wudu"木材piece of wood, wood carvingThe table is made of solid wood.woods /wʊdz/n.wood + s树林walk in the woods, deep woodsWe went for a walk in the woods.动词加"S"形成名词
单词(短语)音标词性词根/词缀释义搭配例子build /bɪld/v.古英语"byldan"建造build a house, build upThey plan to build a new school.builds /bɪldz/n.build + s体型athletic builds, slim buildsThese clothes suit muscular builds.drink /drɪŋk/v.古英语"drincan"喝drink water, drink upI drink coffee every morning.drinks /drɪŋks/n.drink + s饮料soft drinks, alcoholic drinksWe ordered some drinks at the bar.eat /iːt/v.古英语"etan"吃eat breakfast, eat outWe eat dinner at 7pm.eats /iːts/n.eat + s食物cat eats, dog eatsThe store sells pet eats.find /faɪnd/v.古英语"findan"找到find time, find outI can’t find my keys.finds /faɪndz/n.find + s发现物archaeological findsThe museum displays recent finds.look /lʊk/v.古英语"lōcian"看look at, look forLook at that beautiful sunset!looks /lʊks/n.look + s外貌good looks, physical looksHer looks are quite striking.mean /miːn/v.古英语"mǣnan"意思是mean to say, what do you meanWhat does this word mean?means /miːnz/n.mean + s方法means of transport, by all meansEmail is a quick means of communication.need /niːd/v.古英语"nēodian"需要need help, in needI need some advice.needs /niːdz/n.need + s需求basic needs, meet needsThe charity helps people in need.say /seɪ/v.古英语"secgan"说say hello, say noWhat did you say?says /sez/n.say + s发言权have one’s saysEveryone should have their says.see /siː/v.古英语"sēon"看见see you, see throughI can see the mountains from here.sees /siːz/n.see + s主教辖区Holy SeeThe Holy See is in Vatican City.show /ʃoʊ/v.古英语"scēawian"展示show me, show offCan you show me how it works?shows /ʃoʊz/n.show + s表演TV shows, stage showsWe watched some comedy shows.think /θɪŋk/v.古英语"þencan"思考think about, think twiceI need time to think.thinks /θɪŋks/n.think + s想法personal thinksThat’s my two thinks on the matter.特殊情况与例外
以f或fe结尾的名词：部分这类名词变复数时需将f或fe变为v再加es，如leaf→leaves, knife→knives。但也有例外直接加s，如roof→roofs, belief→beliefs。
复合名词的复数形式：如woman doctor→women doctors（两个部分都变复数），而looker-on→lookers-on（主要部分变复数）。
发音变化：加s后发音可能变为/z/、/s/或/ɪz/，取决于原词的结尾音：
清辅音后读/s/：maps, books浊辅音和元音后读/z/：bags, cars/s/, /z/, /dʒ/等音后发/iz/: buses, watches
s后辅音发音变化：在单词中间，/s/后紧跟/p/, /t/, /k/时，这些音常变为/b/, /d/, /g/，如sport中p读作/b/, stand中t读作/d/。
学习建议与应用
分类记忆法：将加s形成新词的单词按主题分类记忆，如商业(good/goods)、法律(damage/damages)、军事(force/forces)等。
对比学习法：将原词与加s后的新词对比学习，注意词义差异，如air(空气)/airs(做作姿态)。
语境练习：在句子中使用这些词对，体会其不同含义，如：“The glass broke” vs “She wears glasses”。
词根词缀分析：理解词根含义有助于记忆加s后的新词义，如custom(习俗)→customs(海关)。
发音练习：特别注意加s后的发音变化，避免发音错误影响交流。
通过系统学习这些通过加s形成新词的例子，英语学习者可以显著扩大词汇量，并更准确地理解和使用英语单词的不同形式。建议定期复习这些词对，并在实际阅读和写作中注意观察它们的用法。